Brazilian pre-salt carbonates encompass more than 70% of the total oil and gas produced in the country nowadays and yet, present several challenges such as heterogeneous composition in mineralogy with the presence of Mg-clays, a complex pore network and diagenetic processes, e.g., dolomitization, silicification and cementation. Rock physics provides a powerful route to understand the elastic behavior of rocks by connecting geology and geophysics. It is known that pore type determination is crucial to understand this behavior.

Lower Cretaceous carbonates in the pre-salt succession in the Santos Basin, eastern Brazil, are highly heterogeneous in terms of their reservoir characteristics as a result of depositional and diagenetic factors. Electrofacies have widely been used for reservoir zonation and, when allied with computer-based methods such as neural networks, may help with the study of such complex reservoir rocks and with the identification of high-quality reservoir zones.

Deciphering the evolution of ecological interactions among the metabolic types during the early diversification of life on Earth is crucial for our understanding of the ancient biosphere. The stromatolites from the genus Conophyton cylindricus represent a datum for the Proterozoic (Meso to Neoproterozoic) on Earth. Their typical conical shape has been considered a result of a competition between microorganisms for space, light and nutrients.

The reactivation of faults may directly modify their permeability and the integrity of the petroleum system seal.

Large gold provinces commonly show complicated mineralization histories, and the Paleoproterozoic Alta Floresta, one of Brazil's most exciting Au–Cu mineral provinces, is a good example. The current models define four deposit types, all connected to a single (1.88–1.75 Ga) magmatic–hydrothermal event. However, long Province history, diverse geodynamic environment and older ages of type-1 mineralization weaken the single metallogenic event and enable the hypothesis of overprinted mineral events.

Khondalite belts are of special importance is delimiting old suture zones and in palaeocontinental reconstruction of Precambrian terrains. In the South-American Platform, khondalitic rocks surround cratonic areas and Archean blocks reworked in the Neoproterozoic, an example of which being the Ceará Khondalite Belt (CKB). Located in the northern portion of the Borborema Province in NE Brazil, CKB is here described by means of its petrographic, structural, and LA-SF-ICP-MS zircon and monazite U–Pb geochronological characteristics.

The Barra Velha carbonates are widely known for their complexity regarding facies, diagenetic features, and depositional history. The absence of recent analogues representing the depositional setting of these rock formations leaves many uncertainties concerning the sedimentary process that generated them.